Diagnostic Approaches and Comparative Effectiveness of Modern Methods for Treating Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs

Abstract

Background and Aim. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common allergic skin disorder in dogs and is often difficult to diagnose due to overlapping clinical signs with other dermatological conditions. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, clinical and epidemiological features, diagnostic approaches, and comparative effectiveness of modern anti pruritic therapies in a clinical setting.

Materials and Methods. The study was conducted between 2022 and 2024 at the “VetAlliance” veterinary clinic in Kostanay, Kazakhstan. Out of 482 dogs presenting with dermatological complaints, 53 dogs with chronic pruritus (>6 weeks), meeting ≥5 Favrot criteria, and free from parasitic, infectious, or endocrine diseases were included. Diagnostic evaluation included history-taking via standardized questionnaires, clinical examination, CADLI and PVAS scoring, Favrot criteria assessment, cytology, and serological testing for allergen-specific IgE in 18 dogs. Dogs were allocated to three therapeutic groups: monoclonal antibodies (Lokivetmab/Cytopoint), JAK inhibitor (Oclacitinib/Apoquel), and prednisolone. Clinical signs were assessed on days 0, 14, 28, and 56. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, χ2 tests, ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis tests, and odds ratios, with significance set at p < 0.05.

Results. AD was confirmed in 53 of 482 dogs (~11%), predominantly in females (58.5%) aged 3-4 years. French Bulldogs and West Highland White Terriers were the most frequently affected purebred dogs. Secondary infections with Staphylococcus spp. and Malassezia spp. were detected in 43.4% and 15.1% of cases respectively. All three treatments significantly reduced pruritus and skin lesions. Lokivetmab and prednisolone provided more rapid initial improvement, while comparable clinical efficacy among all treatments was observed by day 30.

Conclusion. Canine AD is a multifactorial allergic disease requiring a comprehensive diagnostic approach, including history, clinical evaluation, PVAS/CADLI scoring, Favrot criteria assessment, and cytological analysis. Treatment should be individualized according to disease severity and patient characteristics, utilizing modern anti–pruritic agents–monoclonal antibodies, JAK inhibitors, or prednisolone–combined with regular monitoring, risk factor management, and owner education to ensure long-term disease control.