Groundwater level study in tugai forests along the river Ili

Abstract

Background and Aim. This study aims to identify changes in groundwater levels, their seasonal dynamics, and their effects on forest ecosystems along the Ili River. The degradation of forest ecosystems in Central Asia is largely caused by anthropogenic regulation of river flow and climate change. Changes in the flood regime, increasing soil salinity, and reduced natural regeneration of tree and shrub communities lead to forest degradation.
Materials and Methods. The results showed that on the floodplain terrace, groundwater levels decreased from 1.8 m in spring to 2.1 m in autumn, whereas on the central terraces, levels decreased from 3.1 m in spring to 3.7 m in autumn. These variations were influenced by topographic features and the degree of hydraulic connectivity with the river channel.
Results. The study demonstrated seasonal fluctuations in groundwater level in relation to the physical and chemical properties of the soil, precipitation, and water consumption by vegetation through evaporation and transpiration. In spring, snowmelt and seasonal floods played a key role in replenishing the aquifer, whereas in summer, the decline in groundwater level was associated with increased evaporation and a shortage of atmospheric moisture. These data are of practical importance for forest restoration and for evaluating the effectiveness of plantings in degraded areas.
Conclusion. The findings make it possible to develop strategies for preserving environmental sustainability and restoring degraded areas, taking into account the hydrogeological conditions of tugai ecosystems along the Ili River, soil salinity, and groundwater level. Monitoring and regulating groundwater levels provide an opportunity to restore the natural dynamics of ecosystems, preserve
biodiversity, and ensure the efficient use of water resources.