Encapsulation of entomophages against the main tomato pest and their application using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) based on Biodrop technology

Abstract

Abstract.

Background and Objective. Modern agriculture requires reducing chemical pesticide use and implementing environmentally safe technologies. The objective of this study was to improve technologies for mass rearing, encapsulation of entomophages (Trichogramma spp., Habrobracon hebetor), and their application using UAVs.

Materials and Methods. The study was conducted under laboratory and field conditions. An IoT-based microclimate monitoring system using Edge–Fog–Cloud architecture (Arduino Mega, Raspberry Pi 4B, sensors) was applied. Biodegradable PLA capsules were developed using 3D printing, and their durability was tested by dropping from a height of 3 m. Field application was carried out using the Biodrop system.

Results. Optimal capsule designs (No. 2–3 for Trichogramma, No. 3–4 for Habrobracon) ensured 100% host colonization and parasitization. The capsules demonstrated high mechanical stability. Field experiments showed biological efficiency ranging from 69.5% to 82.8%.

Conclusion. The integration of encapsulation technology, digital microclimate monitoring, and UAV-based application increases the efficiency of biological plant protection and supports the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture.