Encapsulation of entomophages against the main tomato pest and their application using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) based on Biodrop technology

Abstract

Abstract
Background and Aim. Modern agriculture requires a reduction in chemical pesticide use and an implementation of environmentally safe technologies. The aim of this study was to optimize technologies for mass rearing and encapsulation of entomophagous biological control agents (Trichogramma spp., Habrobracon hebetor), as well as to evaluate their application using UAVs.
Materials and Methods. The study was conducted under both laboratory and field conditions. An IoTbased
microclimate monitoring system with Edge Fog Cloud architecture (Arduino Mega, Raspberry Pi 4B, sensors) was implemented. Biodegradable PLA capsules were developed using 3D printing, and their durability was tested by dropping from a height of 3 m. Field application was carried out using the Biodrop system.
Results. Optimal capsule designs (No. 2–3 for Trichogramma, No. 3–4 for Habrobracon) ensured
100% host colonization and parasitization. The capsules demonstrated high mechanical stability. Field experiments showed biological efficiency ranging from 69.5% to 82.8%.
Conclusion. The integration of encapsulation technology, digital microclimate monitoring, and UAVbased
application enhances the efficiency of biological plant protection, supporting the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture.