The role of swales in agriculture: land reclamation, erosion control and moisture conservation

Abstract

The article explores the study and application of swales - the simplest hydraulic structures designed to manage water resources and prevent soil erosion. The historical roots of this technology are considered, beginning with the Neolithic Revolution, when small swales were used to retain floodwaters. The article analyzes the evolution of the use of swales, starting from ancient estuary systems to modern permaculture design, and describes their advantages in water management. Swales are shallow ditches placed along contour lines to slow down and facilitate the infiltration of surface water into the soil. They prevent water erosion, promote moisture accumulation, improve water absorption and enhance the productivity of agroecosystems. The authors highlight their special significance in Kazakhstan, where frequent droughts and floods require effective anti-erosion measures.